Other surveys same year.

Wm. Blair, (Clover Lick Creek), Andrew and Alexander Crockett, (south side Nob Ridge) Joab Fletcher (Spring Lick Creek), Hugh Gillespy (West side Nob Ridge), Hugh Johnston, (N. W. side of Greenbrier River about 12 miles above Marlinton), Wm. Kinny, Charles Kennlson (At Falling Spring) Wm. Lewis, (Clover Lick Creek), John Lewis, (Ewings, now Knapps Creek), Moses Moore, Wm. Rennicks and Joseph Williams (Second Creek).

Surveys for Greenbrier Company on watershed of Greenbrier, all made in 1774, except where noted.

In the Sink Holes of Greenbrier.

James Arbuckle, Wm. Blanton, John Clendennlng, Wm. Craig, Joseph Daugherty, Garrett Green, Saml. Glass, John Grey, Archibald Hand- ley, Alexander Kelley, Andrew Kelley, John Madison, James McAfee. Joseph Miller, Jacob Massey, Jepthan Massey, James Parsons, John Parsons, Martin Phillips, Andrew Ralston. Thos. Stewart, Saml. Sallard, James Smith, Wm. Tencher, John Stewart, Robert Thompson, John Wright, Solomon Wright, John Wilson, Wm. Wilson (north Side Soap Nob) Andrew Wilson.

On "Wolf Creek, (Now Monroe County).

James Anderson, Patrick Dickson, John Evans, James Erving, Moses Hall, David Jarrett, Andrew Lewis, Wm. Man, Alexr. McClenahan, Wm. McClenahan, James Meeks. (On Little Wolf Cr.) James Miller, Michael Swoob, John Swoob, Joseph Swoob, Thos. Skeggs, John Wiley.

On Howards Creek, Now Greenbrier County.

John Anderson (1775), Joseph Dixon, Joseph Rennard.

On Anthony's Creek (Now Greenbrier County).

Robert Armstrong, Saml. Carrel, Saml. Humphreys, Shedrick Harrl- man, Saml. Iron, James Lockhart, James Richards, John Ward, James Ward.

On Muddy Creek—Now Greenbrier County.

Jacob Davis (1775), Aaron Davis (1775), Robert Davis, James Davis, James Harlin, Wm. Hambleton, Francis Jackson, James Jarrett, Martin Kayser, Saml. McClung, Danl. McDowell, Chas. O'Hara, James Patterson, John Viney (1775), Conrad Yoakhum (1775).

On Mill Creek, a branch of Muddy Creek.

Joseph Claypole t1775), Wm. Feemster, (1775), John Griffith, John Hardy (1775), Richard Humphreys, (1775), Phillip Rambough.

On Second Creek, (Most of which is in Monroe County).

James Arbuckle, Elizabeth Allison, Wm. Craig, Joseph Curry, Richard Dixon, Michael Dixon, Philip Hammon (1775), John Humphreys, James Knox, Ann. Moorehead, Thos. Nickols, Joseph Nickels, Isaac Nickols, David Ralston, Andrew Ralston, Solomon Turpln, Saml. Williams, Joseph Williams, (1775).

On Spring Lick Creek.

Francis Boggs, Wm. Boggs, James Boggs, James Boggs, Jr., John Mc- Neace, David Stinson, John Vantrice, Thos Vantrice, Thos. Wymore, John Williams, Thos. Williams.

In the Valley above Spring Lick Creek.

Wm. Callison, John Callison. (foot of Brushy Mt.) George Cutliff, Wm. Stevenson.

On Oswego Creek (Now called Swago) Pocahontas Co. John Bridger, Thos. Buck.

On Beaver Lick Creek, Andrew Hamilton, (1776).

On Locust Greet, Sam1. Gilliland and John Dick.

On Stephen Hole Run, south of Buckeye Aft., John Swinler.

On Sinking Creek.

James Burns, Wm. Cooper, Chas. Donally, Andrew Donally, Thos. Ellis (1775)—Burns Creek—Wm. Hughart, Chas. Howard, James Jordan, Wm. Jones, Chas. Lewis, Barneby Mathews, John McCauslin,—near foot of Alleghany Mts.—Alexander Ochaltree, John Patton, Thos. Spencer,—near foot of Alleghany Mts.—Lawrence Murphy.

On Little Sinking Creek—Saml. Vernor, Andrew Donally.

In Little Levels. (Now Pocahontas County).

James Brindle, Chas. Clendenning, John Day, Thos. David, John Davis, Nathl. Day, Nathan Gillilon, t1776) Edward Kennison, John McGennis, John McNeel, John Poage (at Stephen Hole).

In the Great Levels—or Great Savannah.

Saml. Brown, Wallace Bratoo, James Caine, Crawford, Andrew

Donally, Michael Daugherty, John Daugherty1, George Davison (1776) John Dyer, Wm. Dyer, Thos. Graton, Thos. Hamilton, Wm. Johnston, John Keyley, Andrew Lewis. James McClung. Danl. Murley, John Miller, Jr., Robert McClung, Wm. McDowell, Archer Mathews (1775) Hugh Miller, Danl. O'Hara, John Phlin (1775), Thos. Rennicks, John Stewart, Robert Sconce.

Other places on Greenbrier River or its water shed.

John Archer, on Warrior's Road, below Patrick Lockhart's. George Blackburn, on Indian Path, at Hominy block, jng. Wm. Massicur. John Brown, jng. Archer. Ozias Barns. James Blair, west side river, jng. Andr. Smith and Joshua Buckley. Joshua Buckley, on Rich. mt. jng. Smith and Blair. Lazarus Bartley, jng. Edward Kennison. Robert

Brown, on river, jng. Kincaid. Saml. Brown, jng. John McClen-

ahan and Crockett. Adam Barnes. Wm. Blair, both sides river

(1767). James Burnsides, on river. Saml. Brown, (1776) on branch opposite Cove Creek. Robert Boyd, at foot of Soap knob. Wm. Blair, Clover Lick Creek. Wm. Crawford, jng. David Stinson and John Riley. Thos. Cooper, on Indian Creek. John Craine, on Weavers knob. Christion Curtner, on river. John Clark, jng. Saml. Brown. Chas. Clendenning, jng. John Davison and Nathan Gilliland. James Callison, north side river. Thos. Cook, west side river, near Patrick Lockhart's. Ash Craftroach, on Richland Creek. James Caine, west side river, jng. Andr. Custard and Danl. Murley. Geo. Cutlip, between Brushy Mt. and Wm. Stevenson. Wm. Dune, west side Weavers Knob. James Donally, on Hughart's Creek. John Day, on river. Saml. Davisson (1776), on Cove Creek and river. Henry Davis. Saml. Delany. On Stephen Hole branch. John Davis, on river. Joshua Ewing, north side river. James Edmundson, jng. Chas. Clendenning and James Blair. Peter Elmbirk, on the river. Wm. Ellum, foot of Little Nob, jng. James Thompson. Wm. Elliott, west side river, jng. James Morrow, John Gilklnson, and James Gillilon. John Ewing, west side Rich Mt. jng. James Ewing. John Ewing, west side river, below mouth Beaver Lick Creek. Wm. Ewing, west side Buckeye Mt. Thos. Gillespie, jng. John Clarke. James Gwin. James Graham, on river. Hugh Gillespie, west side of knob. James

Gillilon (1776) jng. Robert Brown and Kincaide. James Gilkin-

son, foot Little Mt. jng. Wm. Rennicks. James Hannah, south side river. Henry Hedry, on Mill run, br. of river. James Huston, on river jng. John Lewis. Thcs. Hambleton, jng. John Stewart. Abraham Hempenstall, on river, upper end "Spars Foard". William Jameson, on river, above Big Spring. Henry Jones. John Johnson, near Thorny Thicket, jng. Hugh Miller. Wm. Johnson, (1776) jng. Michael Daugherty. Mathias Kissinger, on river. George and James Kincaide. Edward Kennison. Evans Kilbreath, east side river. John Lewis, in Rich- land Hollow, jng. John Brown, and Huston. Charles Lewis, on

Sinking O.; also at Great Glades. Benj. Lewis. Patrick Lockhart. James Mayes, west side river. Danl. Murley, west side river jng. James Caine and Arnold Custard. Wm. Massicur, west, side river, jng. Reuben Massicur, Geo. Black, and Thos. Rennicks. James Morrow, west side river, jng. Wm. Elliott. John Gilkinson, and Wm. Rennicks. Thos. McNeil, west side river, and north side Buckeye Mt. John McGuire, Richland Creek, jng. Vm. Dyer, Geo. Thornton, Andr. Lewis and James

Millican. John McCaudles, jng. Crockett and John Miller. Archd.

Mathews, jng. John Miller and Kinney. James McGuire, in fork

of New River and Greenbrier River. Robert McClenahan, jng. John Mc-

Clenahan. Reuben Massicur, jng. Blackburn. Josias McDowell,

jng. Wm. McDowell. Wm. McDowell, jng. Workman, and John

Stewart, John Miller, jng. John McClenahan and Saml. Clarke. Sampson & George Mathews, on the river. Joseph Nichols, foot Howards Creek Mt. Dan'l O'Hara, Rich Hollow, jng. Jaoob Lockart, and John Stewart. David Rogers, on river, jng. Thos. Hamilton. Wm. Rennicks. John Riley. Thos. Rennicks. west side river, at Camping Spring. John Rey- burn. in Plank Cabin Draft. James Stinson, both sides river. Saml. Standifer, on river jng. Luke Standifer. John Stephenson. Luke Standl- fer, on river. John Seers, on river. Audr. Smith, west side slver jng. James Blair and Josuha Buckley. John Stewart, west side river. James Simpson t1775), Hughes Cr. br. of River, below James Donally's. Geo. Thornton (1775), on Richland Cr. jng. Wm. Dyer, John McGuire and Andrew Lewis. Peter Vanbibber. Wm. Ward, (1775), west side river. John Wrathbone. Dan'l Workman, hd. Culbertson Cr. jng. Jos. McClung and Chas. Donally. Joseph Williams.

Some of the Early Settlers In Harrison County.

On Ten-Mile Creek.

Vincent Hubb (1775), Thomas Harteest (1775), Isaac Home (1775) John Jones (1774), Jacob Rees (1775), Benjn. Shinn (1775), John Simpson (17,74), Joseph Wood (1775).

Elseu-here in the County.

James Anderson (177?,), Joseph Coon (before 1778), Thomas Helin (177S), Thos. Kelley (1775), John Mahon (before) 1778), Norman Randall (1778), John Richards t1771). Wm. Robinson (1772), Benjamin Robinson (1775), Jonathan Shinn (1772), John Simpson (1774), Levl Shinn (1772), Wm. Williams (1772).

Location of Forts Referred to in This Paper.

Fort Burnsides. On Greenbrier River. Location not definitely determined. James Burnsides was one of the earliest settlers along this river. In 1773 his place was well known and seems to have been a stopping place for explorers. In that year we find that John Alderson, Curtis Alderson, Joseph Carroll, Wm. Morris, John Herd, from Shenandoah county, on their way to take up lands on the New River below the falls, stopped at this place where they were joined by Archibald Taylor, Philip Cooper and Walter Kelley. Burnsides seems to have been a trader. In 1778 he had men engaged in packing merchandise to Fort Lawrence.

Fort Buckhannon—Near present site of Buckhannon, W. Va.

Fort Clover Lick. In Pocahontas County, on Clover Creek, about one and a half miles above its mouth, near the north banV of the creek, and about 300 yards from the residence of the late C. P. Dorr.

Fort Cook—In Monroe county on Indian Creek, near Red Sulphur.

Fort Coon—On West Fork river in Harrison County. The soldiers sometimes called this fort, Coontie, or Koontz.

Fort Drennin—West of the public road (about 300 yards) in an old orchard, between Edray and Linwood and a half a mile northwest of Edray in Pocahontas County.

Fort Donally—About ten miles northwest of Lewisburg, in Greenbrier County.

Fort Hatfield—On New River.

Fort Hutton—Location not known.

Fort Beckley—At Mill Point in Pocahontas County, on the site of home of Isaac McNeel. On northern bank of Stamping Creek, about one and a half miles from Greenbrier River. Sometimes called Fort Day or Fort Price.

Fort Lowther. On Monongahela River.

Fort Lawrence (Laurens).—In Ohio, about 10 miles north of present New Philadelphia, O., and about one mile south of Bolivar, O.

Fort McGuire's—This was probably at the point where the Greenbrier and New Rivers unite.

Fort Nutter—Within corporate limits of Clarksburg, W. Va.

Fort Pitt—Pittsburg.

Fort Powers—On Simpsons Creek, Harrison County.

Fort Vance—At present site of Mountain Grove, Bath County, Va,

Fort Warwick—Mr. Lewis locates one fort of this name In Randolph County. The one referred to in my paper was located on Deer Creek about three miles from its mouth and about four miles from Cass, W. Va. I am inclined to doubt whether Mr. Lewis is correct in calling the one in Randolph by this name.

Fort West—On Hacker's Creek, in Lewis County.

Fort Wcstfall—Adjoining Beverly, W. Va.

Fort Wheeling—Evidently intended for Fort Henry in Wheeling, W. Va.

Fort Wood. On Rich Creek, in Monroe County, W. Va.

Source: Report of the ... annual meeting: 1st-
By Ohio Valley Historical Association

Year 1776.

In 1776 Captains John Lewis and Samuel Vance had their companies of Augusta militia in service at Fort Warwick. This fort stood on Deer Creek, in what is now Pocahontas County, about three miles from its mouth and about four miles from the town of Cass.

Sergeant Aaron Scaggs had some of the Montgomery County militia in service on Bluestone River, guarding Mare's and McGuire's stations.

Capt. John Henderson had a company of Botetourt volunteers guarding the frontiers. They began in May at Cook's Fort and the men ranged the country up New River through the present Virginia county of Giles. Companies were kept at this fort (which was located in Monroe County, on Indian Creek, near Red Sulphur Springs,) from 1776 to 1780. In 1777 Capt. Archibald Wood was in charge of these troops, and in the same year Capt. Joseph Cloyd, of Montgomery, had troops in that section. In 1780 Capt. Gray had command. Among the men engaged in this service were William Hutchinson, Phillip Cavender, Nicholas Wood, John Brad- shaw, and Francis Charlton. Its spies were often at Fort Wood, on Rich Creek and patrolled the country for thirty miles or more, until they met the spies from Fort Burnsides. They went at times to the head of Bluestone River to guard the settlers there while gathering their crops.

In this year (1776) Capt. John McCoy's company was taken to the West Fork of the Monongahela River, and was stationed at Fort West, Lowther's Fort, and at Nutter's Fort. In the latter part of the time they were called to Fort Coon, where a woman had been killed while

spreading hemp in a field. In October Capt. Nail's company went

from Rockingham to Westfall's Fort.

Year 1777.

The year 1777 saw the company of Samuel Vance in service for two weeks at Warwick's Fort and later at Clover Lick Fort; Capt. Robert McCreery's company for three months at Warwick's Fort, and Capt. John Lewis' Company, also at Fort Warwick.

It saw Capt. Robert Cravens' company from Rockingham march to Tygart's valley and later return to Fort Warwick, and Capt. Wm. All's company garrisoning a fort on Hackett's creek for three months. In- August, a Greenbrier company, under Capt. Mathew Arbuckle served three weeks on Elk River and then went to Point Pleasant.

In this year, Capt. Evans raised a company in Berkeley which

took part in the battle of Brandywine.

In this same year. Capt. Moses Hutton's company from Hampshire passed through the Youghigheny Glades to Fort Pitt, whence it was sent by Gen. Hand to Fort Wheeling. It was while this company was serving its six months there that Jacob Ware and Jacob Crow were killed by the Indians.

The most important event in this year however was the preparation to march an army into the Indian Country—particularly against Detroit. Volunteers were called for. The troops were to march to Point Pleasant and the expedition start from there.

In September we find the following companies assembling: Capt. George Moffett's (at the mouth of Kerr's Creek), Capt. Thos. Smith's, (at Staunton), Capt. John Glven's, Capt. John Hopkln's, all of Augusta, and the following Rockbridge companies, Capt. John Paxton'g, Capt. Chas.

Campbell's, Capt. Hall's, and Capt. Wm. McKee's. These troops

were marched to Point Pleasant. To provide for their wants a lot of cattle were driven to the Point, a company from the fort meeting the cattle at the mouth of Elk River. There were about' 700 of these volunteers. It was while these volunteers were at the Fort that Cornstalk, his son Elllnlpsco and two Indians called Red Hawk and Petalla were brutally murdered by these men. It was while at the Point that the news of Burgoyne's surrender was announced to the troops. Gen. Hand was late in arriving, and decided to abandon the expedition. He had, before announcing that decision, irritated these men greatly, by complaining that they were feasting too high, and issuing orders to shorten the pay aud cut down the daily allowance of food. When the attempt was made to put this order into effect, nearly every man in the fort shouldered his gun, put on his knapsack and started for home. Col. McDowell, persuaded Gen. Hand to rescind the order, and the men returned.

Year 1778.

In the year of 1778 Capt. David Kennedy's company from Berkeley county, and Capt. Robert Craven's company from Rockingham county, were in service at Fort Mclntosh, and these men helped to build Fort Lawrence on the Tuscarora River. Lt. Parks was killed by some Indians in a path between these two forts. The murder of Parks so incensed Col. Crawford that it was with difficulty that the other officers dissuaded him from killing some nine or ten Indians who had come to sue for peace. Capt. Uriah Springer enlisted a company for nine months at Fort Lawrence, which was marched to Fort Pitt for one month and then went to Fort Mclntosh.

In the same year Capt. John Donaldson had his company in service at Hatfield's Fort on New River. I do not know where this fort was located.

In May, of this year, Capt. Robert Cravens took his Rockingham company across the heads of Calfpasture, Bullpasture and Greenbrler Rivers to the head of Tygart's Valley and it served for three months in that section being at times at Forts Coon, Hutton and Westfalls. Another company, under Lt. John Rice, from Rockingham County, was also in that valley during the same year.

One of the most important events of the year was the attempt of the Shawnees to avenge the death of Cornstalk. In the spring they mustered their strength and for several days besieged the fort at Point Pleasant, but only succeeded in killing Paddy Sherman and wounding Lt. Gllmer. Finding that they could not take this fort they killed all of the stock belonging to the garrison and were preparing to march elsewhere. The objective point was the Greenbrier settlements. This purpose was ascertained through the good offices of a sister of Cornstalk's who had taken shelter in the fort. To enable two men to pass safely through the country this sister dressed John Logan and Philip Inchminger in the style used by the Shawnees. They started on their perilous trip, but returned to the fort that evening. John Pryor and Philip Hammond were then prepared for the undertaking, and passing the Indians about twelve miles west of Fort Donally warned the settlers, in time to prevent a general massacre. .

When the news of the attack on Fort Donally was spread, a Rockbridge company served for three months on the Greenbrier, and a Botetourt company, under Capt. Hugh Logan, was hurrying to relieve the Green- brier settlements, when it was met and turned back by Capt. Hall, who told them the Indians had been driven back.

In this year, Gen. George Rogers Clarke, stopped at Point Pleasant, while on his way to the capture of Vincennes.

During this year and also in 1779, John Jones, Wm. Morris and Leonard Morris were acting as scouts over the country 60 to 70 miles westward of the inhabited portions.

In the fall of 1778 there was at the fort at Point Pleasant a man named Morgan. His father had offered a large reward for him. He had been for a number of years a prisoner among the Indians and had married an Indian wife who was also with him at the fort. Here Morgan was kept a prisoner, being at times kept in irjons. The watch over him having been lessened he and his wife escaped. Fearing that he would inform the Indians that the period of enlistment of some of the men then at the fort would soon expire, these men were discharged promptly so that they might reach home in safety.

Year 1779.

Passing now to the year 1779. In March Capt. Wm. Kincaid took his company of Augusta militia from Vance's fort (at Mountain Grove, Bath County) to Fort Clover Lick, then to Fort Nutter, where it guarded the farmers at work in their fields.

Capt. James Trimble's company of Augusta militia, were at Fort Bucbannon, where his men did scout duty.

From the middle of April until the middle of October spies were kept scouring the country from Fort Lick on Elk River to Drennin's Fort and Fort Beckley in the Little Levels.

Capt. Wm. Lyle, of Rockbridge, had some of his men driving packhorses loaded with flour and bacon to the troops in service on the frontiers.

Capt. Robert McCreery and Capt. Andrew Lockridge had their companies of Augusta militia in service at Clover Lick Fort.

About the first of June Capt. Robert Cravens took his Rockingham company to the north fork of the South Branch of Potonlac where a portion of it remained for two months. While stationed there Capt. Cravens received a commission to raise a company for service in South Carolina, and at least five of his men went with him into that service.

Year 1780.

In February, 1780, a company was raised by Capt. Thos. Wright in Greenbrier county for the purpose of going against the Indians near Detroit. It was marched to the Lead Mines in Southwest Virginia, thence to Ixigan's Station in Kentucky, where it was decided to abandon the enterprise. They were then marched to McAfee Station, on Salt River, where Capt. James Armstrong was in command, and there discharged. Twenty,-nine of these men reached home the last of August, among whom were John Robinson, James Alon, Swift Perry, Edward McConnell, William Bushor, James O'Hara, John O'Hara and Thomas Alterberry.

In the Spring, Capt. John McKittrick marched his company from Jennings Gap, near Staunton, to Fort Dinwiddie (five miles west of Warm Springs, Va.,) where it served a while and then went to Fort Warwick. In May Capt. Wm. Anderson's company was in service at Clover Lick Fort.

In this year Capt. Sullivan took a company of cavalry from

Berkeley County to South Carolina. Thifi company was in the battle of Cowpens and also in the Battle of Guilford Court House.

Year 1781.

In the year 17S1 we find Capt. Houston's company from Rockingham serving against the tories on South branch; Capt. John McCoy's company pursuing Indians across the headwaters of the Greenbrier to the head of Seneca; Capt. Joseph Gregory's company of scouts from Frederick county at Powers' Fort and later on the Ohio River.

Of the troops which went out of the state this year we find Capt. Geo. Ball's company from Hampshire, serving in Col. James Nevel's Regiment: Capt. Edward Davis' company from Berkeley, marching in May to service about forty miles below Williamsburg; and Capt. John Hart's company from the same county taking part in the siege of Yorktown, and guarding some of the prisoners as far as Frederick, Maryland.

I have not been able to place the date when a Rockbridge company under Capt. Geo. Huston went to Cape Capon where it broke up the Claypole tory headquarters.

In these items I have referred to Rockingham companies, even before Rockingham county was formed. What is meant is that the troops came from the Rockingham area, which you will recall embraced, at the first, a part of what is now Pendleton County.

In this paper I have mentioned quite a number of frontier forts. Fortunately the late distinguished Virgil A. Lewis prepared and published in the West Virginia Archives a most valuable list of the frontier forts in this area. I mentioned a few which are not included in his list, and in the foot notes to this paper I have given the location of tbe forts referred to by me.

In concluding this paper I wish to say that I am deeply conscious of how little has been said in it, and how much has been left unsaid of the history of the pioneers of this state. I can only hope that I may have, in some slight degree, freshened the memories of some of the facts in the early life of those people, but for whose daring and whose enterprise this great and rich territory might, for another generation, have remained uninhabited by the white, or have passed into the control of another nation.—memories of that splendid people, whom Capt. Wm. Gordon McCabe, now President of the Virginia Historical Society, so fitly describes as "that glorious Scotch-Irish stock, that dauntless race, in whose hearts beat so strong the fear of God, that there was left no room for fear of any other thing"; and that in some slight measure I may have rescued from oblivion some of the names and preserved for posterity an account of some of the services of those who so fully "shared the peril and glory of guiding a new nation out of the dark and narrow bondage of royal tyranny into the broad sunlight of republican freedom."

Early Settlers on the Watershed of the Greenbrier.

From The Chalkley Mss. I have these.

James Burnsides t1753), Wm. Frogg t1751) John Fulton (1753) Robert Fulton t1753) Eve Johnson (1753) Christian Landers (1753) Mathew Moss (1774) Wm. McClenchan (1763) John Miller (1760) Richard Madison (1751) in Monroe area—John Rodgers (1772), John Riphe (1778) George Weaver (1751) Henry Boughman (17—). This Mathew Moss was killed by Indians. This Henry Boughman lived about where Alder- son now is and was killed by Indians in 17—).

From Surveys made for Greenbrier Company.

Surveys made in 1750 to 1752.

On Antony's Creek, now in Greenbrier County.

Thos. Camble, Felix Gilbert, Wm. Gregg, Archibald Hopkins, Wm. Hopkins, Erwalker Johnston, and John Trotter.

On Muddy Creek, now, in Greenbrier County.

Frederick Hanger, John Keeny, Philip Rambough, and Felty Yoakhum.

Other places than the above.

Thos. Berry, John Brown, (Ewings Creek, now Knapps Creek in Poca- hontas County) Saml Carrell, Archibald Clendenning. James Burnsides, Patrick Davis, (Green Spring) Thos. Dove, Joseph England, Abraham Ears tboth sides of Greenbrier at mouth of Howards Creek, near Lewis- burg, Greenbrier Co.) James E-wing, Nap Gregory, John Hopkins, Leml. Howard, Malr. Hanger, George Kennedy, Thos. Lewis, Andrew Lewis, John Lewis, Moses Moore, Edward McMullen (In the Sinks). John Madison, Thos. Meeks, Wm. Rennicks. (both sides Spring Lick Creek) George See, Frederick See, John See, George Weaver. Alexander Wright, Wm. Wright, James Ward, and Mathias Yoakhum.

Surveys made in 1769.

On Sinking Creek.

James Hughart, James Jordan, James Knox, Chas. Lewis, Wm. Man, James McCoy, John McCoy, Wm. McCoy, Lawrence Murphy and Thos. Williams.

Pocahontas.

Pocahontas county was formed from parts of Bath, Pen- dletou and Randolph, in 1821. Id 1824 sixty square miles were added, taken from Greenbrier. The county was named for Pocahontas. Square miles, 820. Population.—1870, 4,- 069; 1880, 5,591; 1890, 6,740; 1900, 8,572.

Clvver 1:ick and Huntersville.—As far as known, the first services of the Episcopal Church, were held in Pocnhontas county, by the Rev. R. H. Mason, who came from the Warm Springs, Bath county, Virginia, in 1866. Mr. Mason came three or four times a year for several years, and held services in the house of Dr. John Ligon, Clover Lick, and also in Huntersville. After Mr. Mason's removal to Union, West Virginia, (1875), his services in Pocahontas were discontinued except at long intervals, and there were no regular services until Bishop Whittle sent Rev. E. J. Hall, a Deacon, in 1877. When Bishop Peterkin took charge of the Diocese in 1878, he found Mr. Hall resident in Lewisburg, and holding services from time to time at Clover Lick, and in Huntersville. In company with Mr. Hall, Bishop Peterkin paid his first visit to Pocahontas county in October, 1878, holding services at Hillsboro and Huntersville, and at the latter place confirming one person. Since then, visitations have been made regularly and in all fourteen persons confirmed.

The Episcopal visitations made prior to the organization of the Diocese were by Bishop Whittle, September, 1869. August, 1872, when he confirmed one in Huntersville. In 1874 (Grace Church), Madison Parish, comprising the county of Pocahontas, was received into union with the Council.

In 1880 a plan was inaugurated to build a church at Clover Lick, and through the zealous interest of Mrs. Dr. Ligon it was so carried out that on Sunday, August 21, 1892. we were able to consecrate a neat and comfortable building as Emmanuel Church.

The various ministers in Lewisburg held occasional services in Pocahontas county, but the Rev. Dr. Lacy (1881- 1885) was specially active and interested in this work, and more lately Rev. Mr. Turner (1898-9) held regular services.

Appointments have been held at Clover Lick, Huntersville, Greenbank, Dunmore, HilMioro, Edrai, Marlinton and Frost.

Within twenty-five miles of the Church at Clover Lick (including the English residents around Mingo) there may be now (1900) residing about twenty communicants. So far we have found groat difficulty in organizing this scattered band, and in providing them with any regular service. The completion of the railroad along the Green brier River, connecting Clover Lick with El kins on the one hand, and Ron- ceverte on the other, will materially lessen these difficulties in the future.

The following gentlemen have acted as vestrymen: Col. James T. Lockridge, Dr. John Ligon, Samuel B. Lowry, James W. Warwick, Dr. C. P. Bryan.

Rev. Mr. Turner who took charge of Greenbrier Parish in the fall of 1897, for some time, preached regularly in Pocahontas county on one Sunday in each month.

In July, 1901, Rev. Guy H. Crook, residing at Lewisburg, was commissioned by the Bishop to carry on the work in this county, and it is hoped that now the completion of the railroad has made communication easier, that more may be done in building up our church.

Marlinton is a promising missionary point where we have six or eight members. A site has been selected for a church and occasional services held, but no further progress has been made.

At Clover Lick is the only church building we have in the county. The neighborhood derives additional importance from the establishment of a large lumber plant at the Depot, a mile from the Church. This will eventually become quite a little town.

Huntersvillc has sensibly declined in the last few years owing to the removal of the court house to Marlinton.

At Hillsboro, or the Academy as it is often called, we have an occasional service. At one time we had four communicants there, but now (1891) only one.

Source: A history and record of the Protestant Episcopal church in the diocese of ...
By George William Peterkin

Price, William Thomas, clergyman, author, was born July 19, 1830, near Marlin- ton, W.Va. He was prepared for college at the Hillshoro academy, and graduated in 1854 from Washington college, now called the Washington and Lee university, receiving a forty-dollar gold medal as the first honor graduate. In 1857 he completed his theological studies at the Union Theological seminary, an-I was licensed the same year to preach. His time has since been devoted mainly to the ministry of the preshyterian church, for forty years; twelve years as hium- missionary in Bath and Highland counties Va.; sixteen years as pastor in Cooke's Creek church in Rockingham, Va., and twelve years as pastor in Huntersville and Marlinton churches. He has contributed extensively to religious literature; and is the author of several published works.

Source: Herringshaw's national library of American biography: contains ..., Volume 4
edited by Thomas William Herringshaw

Mr. Beman's letter set forth that "there is one tannery at Marlinton and one at Durbin. Here at Ronceverte, where we get our water supply from the river, the water is so sour it is almost impossible to drink it. The banks are lined with dead fish from here to Durbin." It is a matter of record that the State Board of Health had this subject under consideration some years ago, and it was made the subject of a hearing on indictment in the circuit court. The result of the trial was, that the tannery company at Marlinton was required to construct settling ponds which it was supposed would remedy the offenses complained of. The secretary has received from the assistant attorney general the oral opinion that the State Board of Health under the law does not have sufficient authority to effect a remedy of the conditions complained of. In view of this fact the secretary wrote a letter to the Governor from which the following quotation is made; "During my last visit in Charleston I had a consultation on this subject with Mr. Lively of the attorney general's office, and he gave the opinion that the State Board of Health has not sufficient authority to control the matter. This being the case, a visit by me or any member of the board to Ronceverte seems unnecessary, since no good can be accomplished by it. I find, since becoming secretary of the board, that we need much more authority than is now given to us under the law. I have been summoned to different points on complaint of local nuisances that should be abated by the local county or municipal authorities, and a careful search through the law fails to discover authority whereby we may step in and compel an abatement of such nuisances. There should be such authority."

The secretary has received communications from Cameron, Beckley, Holliday's Cove, Keyser, Logan, Spencer, Cass and other points in the state. The complaints being essentially the same, namely; the emptying of sewage into small local streams which become almost dry in the summer constituting nuisances. The secretary has uniformly attempted by correspondence to have such defects remedied, but generally he finds it impossible to do so on account of the limited powers of the board, and because, in some cases, nothing short of an extensive sewerage system involving the locality in a large expenditure would be sufficient to bring about the desired change. Many complaints of a less serious nature reach us, which refer to nuisances of a character that can and should be removed by local, county or municipal authority. This suggestion the secretary has repeatedly made in answer to letters received by him. As an example of nuisances of this kind, may be cited the fact that the secretary made a special visit to Clarksburg in answer to a complaint made of a local nuisance, which consisted of an offensive pond of sewage caused by the projection of several sewers from private houses into a low piece ot ground from which there was no drainage. Within ten feet of the end of these drain pipes was a large sewer with which connection might have been made at trifling cost. The mayor of the city was interviewed, the remedy pointed out, and His Honor gave promise that an order would be immediately issued for the abatement of the nuisance. We have information that the desired change has been effected.

Source: Report
By West Virginia. Dept. of Health, West Virginia. State Board of Health

1891 Price, William T. Marlinton, W. Va. Letter to Lyman C.

Feb. 6 Draper. Attack on Drennon's house; Baker,

the school teacher killed; also the Bridger boys 4ZZ24 who went to the relief of the Drennon family;

Jacob Warwick at Battle of Point Pleasant. A.

L. S. 6 pp. Note by Lyman C. Draper giving

biographical data concerning Jacob Warwick.

1891 Price, William T. Marlinton, W. Va. Letter to Lyman C.

Mar. 9 Draper. Can learn nothing of Maj. Andrew

Hamilton; .further information about the Dren- 4ZZ25 non family, the Bridger boys, and Sampson L.

Matthews; Jacob Warwick born between 1739

and 1741. A. L. S. 4 pp.

Source: the preston and virginia papers

TEN YEARS OF INDIAN WAR

NTIL 1748, and theoretically until 1763, the Alleghany Front was the western frontier of Virginia. Beyond was the Indian country, claimed by the English and the French, as well as by the natives. The conflict known in American history as the French and Indian war broke out in 1754. It was a final struggle between England and France for control in the Western Continent, and victory declared for the former. Aside from the Iroquois of New York, nearly all the Indian tribes aided the French. They resumed the strife on their own account in the episode known as the war with Pontiac's confederacy. A general peace did not come until 1764.

No Indians were living in Bath when the white settlers appeared, although hunting parties visited these valleys in the fall months. They called at the cabins of the white people and learned to express themselves in the English tongue. By reason of this intercourse they became very familiar with words of insult and profanity.

The points of view of the two races were very divergent. The pioneer despised the native as a heathen, and showed little tact or patience in dealing with him. Because the red man did not cultivate the ground, except to a slight extent, the white man could not see that his claim to the country was worthy of any serious consideration. He did not conceal his desire that the Indian should get entirely out of his way, so that he might have the whole country for himself. On the other hand, the Indian did not like the British-American. His people were very few in number, while the whites were a host. The powerful and ceaseless push of the latter was driving him farther and farther away from the hunting grounds where his own people had followed the chase for generations. There was sentiment in the Indian, and those hunting grounds were sacred in his eyes. He was proud as well as free. He did not give up the hopeless struggle without a long and gallant fight, during which he inflicted far heavier losses than he received. He was cruel in war, after the manner of all barbarians, yet the frontiersman was not far behind him.

There were some curious exceptions to the general rule. "Mad Anthony," for whom Anthony's Creek is named, was an Indian hunter who used to visit Fort Young and tell of the plots of his race. Quite as a matter of course, he was distrusted by both paleface and redskin. White men, taken captive in boyhood, could only with much difficulty he weaned from the life of the forest, and sometimes they fought against their own color.

The shameful defeat of General Braddock in July, 1755, exposed the whole inland frontier to the vengeance of the native. Washington was put in charge of the Valley of Virginia and made every effort to defend it. His position was a very trying one. With only a few hundred militia, untrained, insubordinate, and poorly equipped, he was expected to defend a line 300 miles long. He was under the authority of a royal governor who was stingy, meddlesome, and inefficient, and was also hampered by a legislature that was not only meddlesome but at times incompetent and unfriendly.

Many of the people on the fronter did not think that the colonial government rose to its duty, and they flocked into the upland districts of the Carolinas. There were some others who did not leave the colony, but sought places of greater safety. Those who remained at their homes were in almost constant danger, except in the winter season. Rangers, who were known as Indian spies, watched the trails and the mountain passes. They were forbidden to make fires to warm themselves, lest the smoke might give notice to some lurking enemy. A horseman, speeding over the bridlepaths, and shouting "Indian sign" to every person he met, caused the families along his route to make a hurried flight to the nearest stockade or blockhouse. There they "forted" during the times of special danger. Fierce dogs, trained to recognize the odor of the Indian, were an additional means of protection.

And yet the pioneers were wilfully careless. While serving as militia they could not be counted upon to obey their officers or serve out their terms. They disliked to be cooped up in the stockades. At such times they not only took imprudent risks, but they were negligent in sentinel duty. When Washington passed through the Bath area on a tour of inspection, not one of the forts he visited was in a proper condition for defense. There was not one which could not have been surprised with ease. He also writes that the members of his escort conducted themselves in a most foolhardy manner. It is not pleasant to learn of these shortcomings of our ancestors, and to see that their hardships were due in a considerable degree to their own fault. While in service the militiaman received one shilling a day.

The leading stronghold on the Cowpasture was Fort Dickenson. It stood in the midst of the river-bottom, a half mile north of Nim- rod Hall and to the west of the stream. There is nothing to mark the exact site. Close to where is now an ancient brick house, a mile north of Fassifern on Jackson's River, was Fort Dinwiddie, the southern limit of Washington's tour of observation in the fall of 1755. Like Fort Dickenson, it stood on the second bottom and near a water supply. Near the Clover Creek mill on the Bullpasture stood Fort George, in the midst of a meadow that has never been plowed, and hence the lines of stockade and covered way may easily be traced. Near the site of the iron furnace at Covington was Fort Young, built in 1756 according to specifications given by Washington. A council of war held in the same year speaks of Fort Breckenridge and Fort Christian, the former 16 miles from Fort Dickenson, and the latter 15 miles from Fort Dinwiddie. They were small stockades and both stood on Jackson's River. It is probable that Fort Christian was but another name for Fort Mann, which stood at the mouth of Falling Springs Run.

There were also fortified houses capable of repelling an ordinary attack. Thomas Feamster, who lived a mile south of Williams- ville, hit upon an ingenious device. His house stood near Meadow Lake, a pool more than an acre in extent. In the midst of this water he built a blockhouse supported on piles, some of which remained visible many years. The blockhouse was approached by a foot-bridge, the planks being detachable.

In a letter of September 23, 1755, Robert McClenachan relates that Captain Dickenson had had a "scrimmage" with nine Indians, killing one of them and losing one of his own men. Two Cherokee boys were released and taken to Fort Dinwiddie to remain there until the governor could make known his wish as to what should be done with them. The Cherokees were at this time allies of the English. The writer does not say where the skirmish occurred, and it probably happened on the Greenbrier.

A council of war held at Staunton, July 27, 1756, decided in favor of placing a garrison of 30 men at Miller's Fort, and 60 at Fort Dinwiddie. Miller's Fort stood 15 miles up Jackson's River from Fort Dinwiddie. Forts Breckenridge and Dinwiddie, the former 13 miles from Dinwiddie and 13 from Dickenson, were deemed properly protected by the men already there.

Of the Indian raids into Bath, the earliest we can locate took place near the middle of September, 1756. Within or very near the present county limits, and mainly along Jackson's River, nine men, one woman, and three children were killed, and two men were wounded. Among the slain were Ensign Humphrey Madison, John Byrd, Nicholas Carpenter, James Mayse, and James Montgomery. Joseph Carpenter, David Galloway, and a Mrs. McConnell were captured, but got away. Mrs. Byrd, Mrs. George Kincaid, Mrs. Persinger, and 25 boys and girls were taken to the Indian towns in Ohio. Among the children were six Byrds, five Carpenters, and two Persingers.

During this raid occurred the first attack on Fort Dickenson. Captain Dickenson was absent at a general muster. When Washington came along, about seven weeks later, he remarks that the stockade was in need of improvement. He also remarks that at the time of the attack, the Indians crept close to the enclosure without being discovered and captured several children.

A council of war the same year advised stationing 250 men at Fort Dickenson, 100 at Fort Dinwiddie, and 40 at each of the other forts, Breckenridge and Christian. The only way to have secured garrisons of such strength was to bring soldiers from east of the Blue Ridge.

In the summer of 1757 Fort Dickenson was invested a second time. Again Dickenson was absent, and again there was negligence on the part of the defenders. The approach of the Indians was first known by seeing the cattle of John McClung running toward the fort with arrows sticking in their backs. Several boys had gone outside the stockade to gather wild plums and they were captured. Among them was Arthur Campbell, a militiaman of 15 years who later on became prominent in the annals of southwest Virginia. A girl named Erwin moulded bullets for the men in the fort. Governor Dinwiddie, always swift to find fault, scolded Dickenson for being away and ordered Major Andrew Lewis to garrison the post with 70 men.

Between the middle of May and the end of September of this year, we are told of six more men who lost their lives. In this number were Sergeant Henry at Fort Dinwiddie, and John Moore and James Stuart on the Cowpasture. Stuart may have been killed in the second attack on Fort Dinwiddie. James Allen and one Swoope were wounded on Jackson's River. This season, 11 captives were carried away. Among them were James McClung, James Stuart, Jr., Mrs. Moore and her children, and two Cartmill children.

The affair at Fort Dinwiddie was perhaps the same for which John Brown put in a claim. He was helping to convoy some provisions to the fort and the guard was attacked.

In April, 1758, there was still another raid into the valley of the Cowpasture. A man was killed and a boy and a girl were captured. All three of these were servants. During this incursion the Indians are reported as having carried away John and William Mc- Creery. This statement is probably incorrect. One Kephart was a tenant on the McCreery plantation and lost two sons by capture. They made their escape, however.

Fort Duquense fell in 1759. The Indians were now deprived of French support and their raids soon came to a pause. These were not confined to the settlements west of Shenandoah Mountain. The northern and middle portions of the Shenandoah Valley were severely scourged. Staunton and its neighborhood fared better, the natives not coming within five miles of that place. But for some cause the Indians bore a deep grudge against the settlement on Kerr's Creek. Their first foray into that valley seems to have taken place in October, 1759. The assailants came from the direction of Sweet Springs. They are said to have killed 12 persons and carried away 13. With wonderful energy Charles Lewis raised in one night a pursuing party of 150 men, Captain Dickenson heading one of the three companies. The foe was overtaken on Straight Fork, west of the Crabbottom in Highland County. A surprise was intended, but through a mischance it was far from complete, and the Indians escaped wth a loss stated at 20 of their warriors, though it was probably less. The booty they were carrying away was retaken. Thomas Young was killed in this fight and Captain Dickenson was wounded.

The Pontiac war suddenly burst out in June, 1763. It had been planned with great secrecy by the red men and was designed as a simultaneous attack along the whole western frontier. To Cornstalk, a Shawnee chieftain of unusual ability, was assigned the task of dealing a heavy blow on the Greenbrier and the settlements to the southeast. With a strong band he fell upon the unsuspecting Greenbrier settlements, and in a day or two he had blotted them out. One Conrad Yoakum outdistanced the Indians in their progress to Jackson's River, and gave warning to the people around Fort Mann. The settlers could scarcely credit the report, yet they gathered into the blockhouse and sent a courier to Fort Young, 10 miles down the river. Captains Moffett and Phillips set out with 60 men to their relief. The scouts kept cautiously along the river-bank the entire distance. But when the main body reached the horseshoe peninsula immediately below the fort, they thought to gain time by marching arcoss the neck. As a result of their imprudence they fell into an ambuscade and lost 15 of their number, the survivors retreating. This action seems to have taken place July 16th.

The fort was not taken, but the Shawnees followed up their victory over the relief party by going down Jackson's River and then up the Cowpasture. They were seen near Fort Young and an express rode at full speed to William Daugherty's. That pioneer was away from home, but his wife mounted the only horse in the stable and raced up the valley, warning the settlers as she galloped along. Her house was burned but we are told that no scalps were then taken on the Cowpasture. If so, it was during some previous raid that a man was shot while standing on a bluff near the Blowing Cave. His body fell into the river.

The Indian army now divided, one part turning homeward, and the other crossing Mill Mountain to Kerr's Creek, where, only two days after the havoc in Greenbrier, there was more loss by fire and massacre than on the former occasion. This time they had nothing to fear from Charles Lewis, for he was now serving in Pennsylvania under Colonel Bouquet. The other squad seems to have returned by way of Green Valley, near the head of Stuart's Creek. Close to the present home of Jasper C. Lewis, they killed one or more persons, and carried off the wife of Joseph Mayse, her son Joseph, Jr., and another woman, whose name is now unknown. The captors appear to be the same party that attacked the home of William Wilson at the mouth of Bolar Run. They were beaten off, though not until they had wounded the wife of Wilson, and a daughter, and carried away his son Thomas.

Joseph Mayse afterward wrote an account of his experience. His guard camped the first night on the west slope of Warm Springs Mountain, and at a large pine, which continued to stand until a few years since. A lateral root made the spot where the boy was ordered to lie down a most uncomfortable couch. For a while he feared to complain, lest he be quieted with a tomahawk. But his position proving quite unendurable, he nudged the Indian lying by his side and made him understand the situation. The brave made a comrade move over, so as to permit the boy to rest in some comfort. On the Greenbrier the Indians were overtaken by a pursuing force. The pony which young Mayse was riding carried also a coil of rope, and in the confusion caused by the attack, an end of the rope caught on a bush and dragged him off. He was thus restored to his people.

While Cornstalk was falling upon the Greenbrier settlement, a band of Delawares and Mingoes divided on New River, one party going to Catawba Creek and the other to Dunlap. The latter crossed Jackson's River above Fort Young and went on to Carpenter's blockhouse, which stood near the residence of Colonel W. A. Gil- liam. Near the house they killed and scalped William Carpenter, after which they plundered the dwelling, took his son Joseph, two Brown children and a woman, and began their return by way of Greenbrier. The shot was heard at Fort Young, but as the garrison was weak, an express was sent to Captain Audley Paul at Fort Din- widdie. He pursued, and though he did not overtake this party, he came up with and scattered the party returning from the Catawba. The younger Brown became known as Colonel Samuel Brown of Greenbrier. His brother remained with the reds, but visited his mother in her old age. Joseph Carpenter became a doctor in Michigan.

It is probable that the attack on the Carpenters occurred only a day or two after the battle at Fort Mann.

Bouquet's victory at Brushy Run near the site of Pittsburg, brought an early end to the war with Pontiac. The Indians were required to give up the prisoners they had collected during the preceding ten years. In the number were Mrs. Mayse, John Byrd, and doubtless several other persons belonging to the Bath area. One of the restored girls was reared by Captain Dickenson, and she became the wife of James McClung. As in several other similar instances her real name was never learned.

The following letter of the Indian period is the earliest we know of to be written in Bath. It seems to have been addressed to Thomas Lewis.

Jackson's River, May ye 15th, 1755. Dear Brother,

I have been stopping here several days in purchasing of provisions. I have purchased as much grain as will serve three months, but will have a great deal of deficiency in getting of meat. I propose to march in ye Narrows towards Greenbrier. I think I shall go to Marling? (now Marlinton, W. Va.) in two days, where I purpose to construct a small fort. I hope you will be so kind as to remind Mr. Jones (Gabriel Jones, King's Attorney of Augusta County) to bring pay for my company from Colonel Wood as often as he has an opportunity, which he promised to do. I have nothing that is new to acquaint you of. I am, dear brother, your most affectionate and very humble servant,

Andrew Lewis.

The letter below was written from Sitlington Creek, Pocahontas county, a spot then on the very edge of white settlement, but technically within the Indian domain. The writer subsequently moved to the Cowpasture.

Green Briar September 25th 1766 Dr Brother

This comes to let you know that I am in good health at Present blessed be God for it hoping these will find you and your Family in the same Condition, for tho' we have been long absent from each other, yet neither Time nor distance of Place can remove the Brotherly Affection I have for you. As for my Situation in this Country I live on a Branch of the Mississippi Waters, which is a very fertile Land but it is not yet Purchased from the Indians. I enjoy a reasonable Living; but have been long in a dangerous situation from the incursions of the Savages, yet thro the Protection of God have hitherto Escaped, and had I the comfort of you to Converse with shou'd think myself Happy: But I dare not advise to come to this Country, Yet were I in Ireland and had such a Family as you have and cou'd foresee it no other way, I wou'd bind myself & them before I wou'd stay to be so Oppressed, but you have no Occasion, for if you are unable to pay your Passage, come upon Redemption to Pennsylvania and Brother William will soon relieve you, and as soon as I have an Opportunity I will repay it him.

I had the Comfort of hearing of your welfare by Brother William which gave me great Satisfaction and likewise I heard of Brother Thomas.

I have no Child which makes me the more Desirous to have you hear, my Wife Joins in our Love to you and Family and Sister Elizabeth and her Family and to all old Friends, which is all from your Affectionate & Loving Brother till Death

Andrew Sitlington

This chapter would not be complete without some mention of that eccentric and masculine woman, known to American border history as Mad Ann Bailey. She was given this name because of her irascible Welch temper. Her maiden name was Dennis, and she was a native of Liverpool. She came to Staunton at the age of 13, and ten years later wedded James Trotter, who was killed at Point Pleasant. The pair had a son named William, whojwas bora_in—1167. Ann Bailey left her child with Mrs. Moses Mann, a near neighbor, put on masculine apparel, and for several years was a hunter and scout. One of her reasons for adopting such an unfeminine career was to avenge the death of her husband. According to tradition she took more than one scalp. Her most famous exploit was her relief of Fort Lee, which stood where the city of Charleston, West Virginia, afterward arose. The stockade was besieged by Indians, the powder gave out, and it was very dangerous for a courier to get past the assailants. But Mad Ann volunteered, rode swiftly on her horse "Liverpool" to Fort Union—now Lewisburg,—and came back with an extra horse with a fresh supply of powder. This was in 1791, when she was 49 years of age. For a year or so, she lived in a hut on Mad Ann's Ridge, on the south side of Falling Spring Run. On one occasion her black horse went on to Mann's without his rider. A party from the stockade went out to follow the trail, and located Mad Ann by airholes in the snow. She had falled asleep, either from liquor or drowsiness. According to Ann Royall, who knew her in ^ her old age, she could both drink and swear.. In 17£i.she married ^ James Trotter. Her last years were spent on the farm of her only son, who settled in Gallia County, Ohio. Eccentric to the last, she refused to live in his comfortable house, and stayed in a cabin near by, which she built herself. Here she died in 1825 at the age of 83. In 1901 her remains were reinterred in the memorial park at Point Pleasant. In personal appearance, Mrs. Bailey was short, stout, coarse, and masculine, yet affable and pleasing. She wore a coat instead of a gown and she could read and write. While ranging the

forest she "halways carried a hax and a hauger and could chop as well as any man."

Source: Annals of Bath County
By Oren Frederic Morton

The original Bath lay astride the Alleghany Front and was at least three times as large as the present county. The reduction to the present boundaries has been by four steps.

The line between Bath and Pendleton was 201/4 miles long as reported in the survey of 1793. It is described as leaving North (Shenandoah) Mountain opposite the lower end of John Redmond's plantation, and by a course running N 63/4 degrees W, crossing Shaw's Fork below the dwelling of Thomas Deverick's, the Cowpas- ture below the land of John Redmond, the Bullpasture below the house of Joseph Malcom, and Crab Run below the house of Joseph Bell, about 2l/2 miles above the Blue Hole. Thence to the top of the Alleghany, no houses are named.

The first curtailment took place in 1796, when a strip averaging three miles in breadth was annexed to Pendleton, the new line running through the Dinwiddie Gap and crossing the Cowpasture at the mouth of Shaw's Fork. The second and largest reduction came in the winter of 1822-23, when the counties of Alleghany and Pocahon- tas were established. The third was when Pendleton and Bath were shortened to make room for Highland. The last was in 1847 and was very small. It consisted of a slight change put into the Bath- Alleghany line where it crosses the Cowpasture, so that Sheppard Gilliland and Orlando Griffith might be citizens of Alleghany.

The original line between Bath and Alleghany is thus described:

(From the) top of Alleghany mountain where the public road crosses to Anthony's Creek; thence to the mouth of the draft at Benjamin Thompson's (deceased) on Jackson's rivr so as to leave the said public road in Bath, and with the road as the dividing line between Alexander Mc- Clintic and Benjamin Thompson; thence, with the dividing line, crossing the river, to top of mountain; thence with top of mountain to intersect line run by William Herbert, and with said line to top of mountain at Henry Massie's; thence direct to Cowpasture just below William Griffith, leaving him in Bath; thence on direct line to top of Mill Mountain in Bath line; thence with top of same to corner of Rockbridge on mountain top; thence with Rockbridge line between the heads of Simpson's Creek and Bratton's Run to top of North Mountain, passing Collier's Gap, and thence with boundaries of Alleghany as per Act.

The section of Bath west of the Alleghany Front went to form the greater part of Pocahontas County. A petition of 1812 had stated that a third of the people of Bath were living between 25 and 50 miles from the courthouse.

Source: Annals of Bath County
By Oren Frederic Morton

With respect to slavery, a few clauses in the will of Andrew Sitlington are of interest. One of them leaves several slaves to his wife and concludes with this wish: "And though I give them entirely into her disposal to do unto them as she pleases, yet I cannot help expressing confidence in her humanity and tenderness that she will grant them their freedom in some reasonable time after her death." He desired such emancipation as to slaves over the age of 25. Males under 25 were to be "bound out to honest, industrious persons to become industrious and moral, and taught to read and write, so as to understand Scripture and keep their accounts." Females were to be bound until 21, and taught "to read, at least, and to habits of industry and morality, so that they may be good and useful members of society." But Sitlington did not deem it prudent or expedient to free the male negroes under the age of 25. The freed negroes were to contribute to the support of any of their number who might become infirm.

Source: Annals of Bath County
By Oren Frederic Morton

ILLEGHANY was carved out of Bath, Botetourt, and Monroe, Bath contributing the most important portion. The Act of Assembly creating the county was passed January 5, 1822. A portion of Monroe was annexed in 1843, and a very small portion of Bath in 1847. On the other hand a part of Alleghany was annexed to Craig in 1856.

Nearly all the preceding chapters of this book deal very much in matters which concern the Alleghany area as well as the Bath. Also, what has been said of the general characteristics of the mountains, streams, soils, climate, plants, and animals of Bath applies nearly as well to Alleghany. The climate of the valleys is a little warmer because the altitudes are less.

A striking difference in the physical geography lies in the circumstance that in this locality every mountain ridge east of the Alleghany Front opens to give passage to the James, just as the corresponding ridges 200 miles northward open to give passage to the Potomac. In each instance nature has indicated a route for an important line of railway between the Atlantic seaboard and the Great West. As a consequence of this continuous cleft in the ridges of Alleghany, Jackson's and Cowpasture rivers, and Dunlap and Potts creeks are converging streams, and each is followed by a railroad line. And since the mountains of this county are stored with mineral wealth, the transportation and industrial interests very much outweigh the agricultural.

The counties of Pocahontas and Alleghany were created during : the same session of the legislature. It is said that the intention was to call the western county Alleghany and the eastern Pocahontas, but that the heedlessness of the engrossing clerk caused the names to be transposed. The first should have had the name Alleghany, since it lies in the midst of what are in this latitude the loftiest heights of the Appalachian system.

Source: Morton

A modest gentleman who has occupied a conspicuous position, is James A. Mof- fett, President of the Standard Oil Company of lndiana. This was the corporation that was made famous by the absurd imposition of a fine almost thirty times the amount of its capital stock, a judgment that was promptly reversed by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals sitting at Chicago. Mr. Moffett has won his way from the bottom and enjoys the respect and confidence of the business world to a remarkable degree, being a prime favorite with the large circle with whom he has had business dealings. His connection with the petroleum industry dates to its early days and his advancement to leadership was by hard, faithful work and close application. Like the other men of influence in Standard Oil affairs, he possesses intimate, practical knowledge of the various branches of the industry, gained by close contact.

James Andrew Moffett was born at Marlinton, Pocahontas County, West Virginia, on April 12, 1851, before that territory had separated itself, during the terrible civil strife, from the Old Dominion. His father was George B Moffett, a physician, who served as surgeon of the Forty-ninth Virginia Regiment, in General Robert E. Lee's Army. The father was of Scotch-Irish descent, his ancestors having been among the early settlers in Augusta County, Virginia, about 1725 to 1732. His mother was of English descent, but her ancestors settled in Botetourt County, Virginia, at about the same time that his father's people came to Augusta County. His maternal greatgrandfather was George Skillern, a Colonel in the Provincial Army. Mr. Moffett followed farming at home until eighteen years of age. At that time he went to Par- kersburg, West Virginia, where he entered the employ of J. N. Camden & Co., producers and refiners of petroleum. He gradually won promotion until he became Superintendent of the Camden Works. He next became Superintendent of the Pratt Manufacturing Company (successors to Charles Pratt & Co.), at New York. Later he was put upon the Manufacturing Committee of the Standard Oil Trust, advancing to Vice President of the Standard Oil Company of Indiana, then to be a Director of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. Again he advanced to become President of the Standard Oil Company of lndiana and Vice President of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

Mr. Moffett took a most active part in solving the problems arising from the development of the Trenton Rock oil fields in Northwestern Ohio and Indiana and as the Vice President of the Standard Oil Company of lndiana was a factor in the building up of the refined and fuel oil trade of the great Northwest. His manufacturing experience was valuable in dealing with an oil containing new elements. The opening of those fields was an epoch in American petroleum history and the finding of a market for the product, one of the herculean tasks imposed upon the men who have directed that branch of the business. The success attending the efforts of Mr. Moffett is indicated by the appreciation shown by his business associates. He is thoroughly familiar with every detail of transportation and is the directing head of the wonderful pipe line system of the Standard, east of the Mississippi River, including nearly 10,000 miles of trunk lines and twice as many miles of pipe in the gathering systems of the various fields, with many millions of barrels capacity of iron and steel storage tanks.

Mr. Moffett has been chiefly connected with J. N. Camden & Co., Camden Consolidated Oil Company, Pratt Manufacturing Co. and the Standard Oil Company of Indiana. He is Vice President of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, President of the Standard Oil Company of Indiana, President of the Standard Oil Company of California, President of the National Transit Company, President of the lndiana Pipe Line Company, President of the Buckeye Pipe Line Company, President of the Eureka Pipe Line Company, President of the Cumberland Pipe Line Company, President of the Southern Pipe Line Company, President of the New York Transit Company, President of the Crescent Pipe Line Company. President of the Northern Pipe Line Company, and President of the South West Pennsylvania Pipe Line Company. He resides at No. 212 West Seventy-second Street, New York City, and Is devoted to his family life. Mr. Moffett is much engrossed in his business affairs and gives little time to social affairs, but he is an alert student of political matters at home and abroad.

Source: Romance of American petroleum and gas ..., Volume 1
By Alfred Russell Crum, A. S. Dungan

WAX DUMMIES.

To make your wax dummies for cast bridge work, take of the die-plates where you have the bicuspids and molars depre select the one or ones to suit your case. Then having the n wet you can press the warm inlay wax to place, getting cusp body; which can be trimmed to suit both the model and articulr* with but little trouble. Making each dummy separate you articulate, and join together with a warm spatula to cast, or separate.—Dr. Ernest B. Hill, Marlinton, W. Va.,

Source: The Western dental journal, Volume 24

On January 1st, 1901, changes in operating Divisions were made as follows :

The Peninsula, Washington and James River Divisions were abolished, the two first named attached to the Richmond Division, also the Rivanna District of the James River Division ; the Mountain District of the Richmond Division was detached, and with the Alleghany (now James River) District of the James River Division formed into the Clifton Forge Division; the Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville and Big Sandy Divisions were consolidated and named the Kentucky Division.

On that date the Greenbrier Railway was completed to Marlinton, 56.2 miles from Whitcomb, and on June 1st to Cass, 80.8 miles ; the grading and bridging on the remaining 14 miles is completed and track laying should be completed by November 1st. This line will be leased to your Company and operated as the Greenbrier Division.

The Piney Creek Branch (Prince to Raleigh, 13.6 miles,) was completed and placed in operation July 1st, 1901; also the Guyandot Valley Railway from Barboursville to Midkiff, 26.5 miles.

The Greenbrier and New River Railroad extension, on the south side of New River, is completed except the laying of the rails, and should be in operation October 1st.

The completion of these various lines, also the second main track under construction at the beginning of the year, has been seriously delayed by the unprecedented rainfall during the spring months, causing numerous slides and washouts both on the main and branch lines, adding greatly to the cost of constructing the new lines and the expense of maintaining existing lines.

Source: Annual report of the board of directors to the stockholders
By Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company

Andrew Price, LL.B.

Mr. Price is a son of the Rev. William T. Price, D.D., and Annie L. Price, his wife. He was born in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, January 29, 1871, and was educated in the public and private schools of the Greenbrier Valley, notably the Academy at Lewisburg, Greenbrier County, which offered a liberal education in the higher branches of studies, including the Latin language and the sciences; later he attended the West Virginia University at Morgantown, from which he graduated in 1892 with the degree of Baclelor of Laws. He was in the same year admitted to membership of the Pocahontas Bar, and has since practiced his profession uninterruptedly at Marlinton, the seat of justice of his native county. He married Miss Grace Leigh Clark, February 10, 1897. and has two daughters — Agnes and Margaret — who arc graduates of the Lewisburg Seminary, and are now students at the West Virginia University. In his religious convictions he is a Presbyterian, having followed in the footsteps and teachings of his distinguished father.

In politics Mr. Price is an adherent of the Democratic party, and has always been liberal, reasonable and just. He is a man of strong convictions upon all subjects and allows, without reservation, the same privilege to others. He is by nature kind and generous, and enjoys the confidence and respect of the people who have personal and business relations with him, and but few men in the State have a wider acquaintance than he or who is more generally known. He is a man of staunch integrity, of conscientious purpose and ardent convictions, and his talents, energy and perseverance have gained him the reputation of a successful and able practitioner of the West Virginia Bar. He possesses mental traits peculiarly adapted to the requirements of his profession. He has an inquisitive and highly analytical mind and keen powers of perception, which penetrate every question of law or fact that engages his attention; consequently he is always prepared for any turn which a case may take and is, therefore, fortified against surprise or novel development.

Mr. Price's strong fort is that of an advocate—a public speaker. He is full of wit and humor, which are so natural and easy, and yet so quaint, they are peculiarly impressive. He apparently endeavors to suppress the humor in his make-up, but it will not down. It is too natural for that. It will leak out; and yet he can, at times, be as serious as if he were conducting a funeral. The distance between the sublime and the ridiculous with him is so close that they simply blend into one, and they are, therefore, entertaining, instructive and winning. He never speaks that every ear is not open and every mind is receptive.

He has never sought a political office except as a side issue. He has been Mayor of his town, President of the Board of Education, Postmaster and Notary Public. He is thoroughly public-spirited, and has a literary turn of mind; and when not engaged in professional work his leisure is devoted to the systematic reading of books, and we may add that he has written many valuable essays and a considerable number of real poems. To say the least he is a many-sided man. In a recent letter to the writer he closed with this sentence, which in no respect applies to himself: "After mature consideration he adventured the opinion that life is not what it is cracked up to be."

Source: Bench and bar of West Virginia
By George Wesley Atkinson

Corner Oaks

At the foot of Marlin's Mountain, Marlinton, W. Va., a cluster of old trees known as "Corner Oaks" have long been associated with the memory of General Andrew Lewis, the hero of Point Pleasant. General Lewis volunteered his services in the expedition to take possession of the Ohio country in 1754.

At the battle of Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kanawha River, he acted as Commander in Chief of the American troops, and gained a signal victory over the Indians of the Shawnee Confederacy under the celebrated Chief Cornstalk. This battle was noted as being the most severe conflict with the red men up to that time. General Lewis was also Washington's military trainer, and the latter endeavored to have him appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the Revolution.

Corner Oaks bear the following inscription:

"General Andrew Lewis, Oct. 6, 1751.

Source: Historic American trees
By Katharine Stanley Nicholson

Doc. 4.
AFFAIRS AT HUNTERSVILLE, VA.

The correspondent of the Cincinnati Commercial gives the following account of the dispersion of the rebels, and the destroying of their stores at Huntersville, Western Virginia, by a detachment of Federal troops, from General Milroy's command :

Headquarters Twenty-fifth Ohio Regiment,
Hdttonsviu.e, Va., Jan. 7, 1862. j

The Huntersville expedition, of which I telegraphed you yesterday, was so successful in its result, and so damaging to the rebel army in -hese parts,'that it merits a more extended no- ice, and having recovered somewhat from the atigue of a hundred miles' march, I will try to give some of the chief incidents of the winter march through the mountains, and the extensive conflagration of the famous city of Huntersville, which, after the fashion of Virginia towns, is decidedly an eight-by-ten institution.

And first, in order that the reader may know what and where Huntersville is, I will premise by saying that it is the county-seat of Pocahontas County, near fifty-two miles from this point, and forty-odd from Staunton, and it derives its chief importance from the fact that it has been employed as the central depot for supplies for the rebel army of Western Virginia, Being the nearest point to the Staunton railroad, supplies were wagoned there, and thence distributed to the rebels at whatever points they needed them. Gen. Lee's army, during its inglorious career in these parts, drew its supplies from this source. Having authentic information that large supplies of provisions, etc., were still stored there, under guard of several hundred cavalry and infantry, and conceiving that it would be a good thing to destroy ^the provisions, and, if possible, capture some troops, or whip them out, Gen. Milroy determined to send a sufficient force to do it.

The force detailed for this service was composed of four hundred of the Twenty-fifth Ohio, three hundred of the Second Virginia, and a detachment of thirty-eight from Bracken's Indiana cavalry, under Lieut. Dalzell ; the whole force being under command of Major Webster, Twenty- fifth Ohio ; Major Owens, Second Virginia, had the immediate command of the Virginians. Capts. Askew, Williams, Washburne, Johnson, Green and Crowell, and Lieuts. Higgins, Houghton, Jones, Bell, Berblus and Blandy, Twenty-fifth Ohio, commanded the Ohio boys ; but I do not know the company officers of the Virginians.

Tuesday afternoon—the last day of the waning old year, 1801—we left camp, and turned our faces toward the interior of the Old Dominion. And a beautiful day it was, and oeautiful scenery, even in mid-winter, greeted us.

Precious little rest did any of us get New Year's night. It was freezing cold, and seemed as though all the mountain storms had concentrated in one terrific gale of wind, which poured through the open valley in which we camped, with mighty, resistless energy, the entire night. WTe had big fires, but they seemed to do little good, and I assure you, that there were very few happy or good-natured soldiers that night, and we were thankful when morning came, so that ve could leave. At the blast of the bugle, we again took up our line of march, and proceeded twelve miles, and again camped for the night, at the foot of Elk Mountain, in a most beautiful pine grove, the rich, green tops of which were so thickly crowded together as to obscure the lurid glare of our fires, while beneath this natural covering of pines, the most animating scene, fit for an elegant picture, presented itself. Here we were compelled to leave our ambulances and wagons, under guard, in consequence of an impassable blockade of the road by the " Secesh." They had fallen heavy timbers across the road for a mile and a half up the mountain side, and neither man nor beast could get through. So, getting ready Friday morning, we set out for Huntersville, fourteen miles distant, followed a mountain-trail around the blockade, until, on the top of Elk Mountain, we again struck the main road. The boys were in excellent condition, and

were entertaining themselves with speculations about the probable events of the day, as Major Webster intended to attack the place that aftiT- noon. Seven or eight miles this side of the town, we came across some suspicious-looking men, whom the Major took along with him. All along the road, it was amusing to observe the look of surprise which the residents gave our column as- it passed by. The visual organs, especially of the female population, were considerably protruded, as they would suddenly discover the long line of blue overcoats winding along the road, a sight they'had never before seen in that section, being accustomed to the gray coats of Secessia.

At last, about one o'clock, we neared the bridge which spans Greenbrier River, six miles this side of Huntersville, where, our scouts had reported, we should first encounter the rebels. We halted, to let the cavalry pass, who were sent forward to attempt to cut off the rebel pickets at the bridge, and then moving forward soon struck the river about half a mile from the bridge. The cavalry moved forward quickly and crossed the river considerably above the bridge. At this point the valley is pretty wide, composed of meadow land, and as our cavalry, under Lieut. Dalzell, dashed up the bank and hastily formed for a charge down through the fields to cut off the rebels from retreating to Huntersville, the rebels discovered them and ran ; the greater part being infantry, could not escape our cavalry on the Huntersville side, so they took the Lewisburg road and made fast time up the mountain side. The rebel cavalry, however, retreated to Huntersville, and the race across the bottom, between our cavalry and theirs, was decidedly exciting—the rebels Tying at full speed, and our men, in good order, were charging in line of battle down the valley at the top of their horses' speed. The rebels, however, had the shortest road, and made good their escape. Leaving Capt. Williams, Co. C, Twenty-fifth Ohio, with eighty or a hundred men, to hold the bridges, Major Webster moved forward on Huntersville, then distant six mile?, and we marched rapidly. The road leaves the Greenbrier River at the bridge, and strikes back through the mountains. When within two miles of the town, as we were moving along a mountain side, our advance guard was fired on by some rebel cavalry, who immediately retreated as fast as their steeds could carry them. Moving forward cautiously, we soon struck a valley which opened before us, and in which Huntersville is situated, being in a sort of square formed by two of these valleys crossing each other. As we went forward, through a field, we discovered a number of the rebels at a sharp bend in the road, and they immediately got in position behind a bank and opened a brisk fire on our column. They were dismounted cavalrymen, and used Sharp's carbines, the balls of which came whizzing past us, making quite lively music. I thought, then, that they intended to make a struggle to maintain their ground, and, knowing that their force was equal to, if not larger than ours, I thought the prospect was good for a re-

spectable fight. Major Webster threw out a line of skirmishers, and our boys replied pretty effectively to their fire, and they retreated. We had not advanced far until we discovered a large force of cavalry, drawn up in a field, in our front and across a stream of water. Companies A and B, of the Twenty-fifth, were deployed to the right, and opened fire with their Enflelds, whereupon the cavalry turned tail and retreated again, but halted and formed again on a level plain, to reach which they had to ascend a sloping piece of ground. Here we supposed they would make a desperate stand, as the ground was well adapted to the movements of cavalry ; and as the space between the opposing forces was good for a charge, I imagined that as our line advanced, they would come thundering down upon us in true Murat style. And, indeed, with the number of cavalry drawn up in line before us, if they had made an energetic charge they could have done us considerable damage. Our boys were crazy for the order to forward. Ever since the first fire they had been wild with excitement, and had made the tnountain ring with their cheers as the rebels retreated. Major Webster directed Major Owens, of the Second Virginia, to go to the left with the Virginia boys, turn the enemy's right, and attack them in the rear. As the Virginians filed past the Twenty-fifth to its position, the boys of each regiment cheered each other vociferously, and pledged themselves to conquer or die. Then the word was given to forward, and with cheer upon cheer, away we went on double- quick, and away also, before our impetuous charge, but with greater speed, went the chivalric Southern cavalry back to Huntersville, which was now revealed to us for the first time. Pausing a moment at the top of the ascent to let the men take breath, we could see several companies of infantry drawn up in the town, about half a mile distant. Again we moved forward, and the picture was quite lively to see ; to our left across the fields, the Virginians advancing on double- quick towards the town, while our own regiment was moving forward on a charge, and the cavalry occupying the space between the two divisions, and all cheering lustily and full of determination to clean out the town. We went flying into town ; the Major on horseback at the head of the men, swinging his cap and cheering, and everybody else seeming to exert himself to create as much noise as possible. But the rebels had fled before we reached the town, the cavalry flying out the road towards Staunton, and the infantry scattering through the woods in a very promiscuous and unmilitary style. With loud cheers we rushed through the street, and, as we gained the opposite side of the town, the boys saw a few badly- scared rebel infantry, and began blazing away at them as they ran up the hill-side. In the midst of the firing a young woman (and a handsome one at that) suddenly sprang from behind a log, and ran across the field towards her home, frightened almost to death, and leaping like a deer, (or dear, if you please.) So soon as she was discovered the firing ceased, and there ended the fighting

part of the programme. We had killed one rebel and wounded seven, among the latter a captain, and had one of our boys, a member of Company E, Twenty-fifth Ohio, shot in the wrist. Thus we had achieved an almost bloodless victory, driven the rebels back from three different points where they had taken their stand, and now have possession of their dépôt of supplies.

And now we set about seeing what we had gained by the triumph. It did not take long, for Huntersville is not the most extensive city in America, nor the most beautiful. In fact, it was a very contemptible place, both in size and appearance, and in Ohio would be sneered at if it should aspire to the dignity of a county-seat. It has one church, a jail, and court-house—not remarkable for its architectural beauty ; a dozen or fifteen dwellings, and three hotels, the latter being the best buildings in the town. It has been used chiefly for the quartering of troops, the citizens having nearly all deserted it some time ago. One or two families were still there, and from them we learned that there were about four hundred cavalry, and two companies of infantry stationed there to guard the rebel supplies. One cavalry company was from Memphis, Tenn., and was finely equipped. All of them were armed with Sharp's carbines and sabres. They were apprised of our coming the night before, scouts having seen us as we took dinner on Thursday, 17 miles back. Capt. Alexander, of Tennessee, who commanded the post, at once sent a messenger to the rebel Camp Baldwin, on the Allegheny mountains, and also despatched couriers through the country to collect and bring in the militia, who met them to the number of two or three hundred, swelling the rebel force to seven or eight hundred. We had not more than five hundred men, when we got to Huntersville, having only seven hundred originally, and at least two hundred of these had been left to guard various points in our rear. Capt. Alexander made his boast that he could whip us, but the result showed differently. The militia, or, as the boys say, the " flat-footed militia of Pocahontas County," wouldn't stand fire, as they scattered like sheep at the first sound of a gun. We would have pursued, and might have secured a few infantry prisoners, but Major Webster wisely determined that we had better burn their supplies and return before the rebels had time to throw a superior force from Camp Baldwin in our rear, and thus cut off our return. There were two roads leading from that camp to the road by which we had to return, one striking it ten miles this side of Huntersville, and the other coming into it at Big Springs. The Major found five or six of the largest buildings filled with ample quantities of provisions, and at first he determined to take them from the buildings in order to save the latter, but finding it impracticable, he caused them to be set on fire, and seeing them far enough enveloped in flames to make their destruction certain, we set out on our return. As Huntersville receded from our view, the flames were leaping heavenward, and dense volumes of smoke rolling above, from this hole of Secessionist!!, a just vengeance for its crimes, and from the top of the court-house, the Stars and Stripes — the "flag of beauty and of glory" — were floating gaily in the air, telling the criminal traitors who infested the place that the power of the American Republic was yet in existence.

We left Huntersville about five o'clock in the evening, and marched back ten and a half miles that night, making nearly thirty miles we had marched that day, besides the exhaustion consequent upon the excitement and labor of our skirmishing and charging about Huntersville ; and to make it harder, a cold, chilling rain and sleet be- , gan to fall about dark, and, when we halted for the night, the boys' guns were covered with a thick coating of ice. So you can imagine that we needed rest, and we got it in barns that night. The next day we marched to Big Springs, where we met another force of our men and Second Virginians, under Lieutenant-Colonel Richardson, of the Twenty-fifth Ohio, who had come out to hold that point and protect our return. Sunday night we got to Elkwater, and Monday at noon we reached here, when the boys gave three hearty cheers for Major Webster, who, in a brief speech, thanked the officers and men of the Twenty-fifth Ohio and Second Virginia for their gallant conduct, and then we set about getting rested.

The expedition was successful in every particular, and to show that we did " secesh " consid- able injury, let me state that, according to inventories of the stores on hand at Huntersville, made out a few days before, which Major Webster has in his possession, we destroyed three hundred and fifty barrels of flour, thirty thousand pounds of salt, (a precious article with the rebels,) about one hundred and fifty thousand pounds salted beef, they having just finished killing and salting three hundred cattle, two thousands pounds coffee, large quantities of sugar, rice, bacon, soap, candles, forage, etc., the value of which may be fairly stated at from twenty-five to thirty thousand dollars. Besides this, we secured a large number of Sharp's carbines and sabres, two or three rebel flags, and a vast number of other articles. I regretted that we could not get our wagons clear through, so that we could have brought away at least a portion of the provisions.

The officers and men of the entire force reflected great credit on themselves, by their bearing throughout. The march was excessively severe. We were gone just six days, and marched one hundred and four miles — " Virginia miles " — which every soldier will testify are twice as long as any civilized mile, and this, too, in the depth of winter, over miserable roads. Major Webster endeared himself to all by his manly, soldierly bearing, and reflected great credit on himself, by the success which crowned his plans. No better officer can be found in the service. He is a true gentleman, possessing those qualities which fit him for command, and also those which draw the affections of his men to him, and make them feel that he is their friend, and for such a man they will fight to the death.

Source: The Rebellion record: a diary of American events, with documents ..., Volume 4
By Frank Moore, Edward Everett

The ordinary difficulties of a campaign in this country of mountains and bad roads were greatly increased by incessant rains, sickness of all kinds amongst the new troops, and the hostility of many of the inhabitants to the Southern cause. My father's letters, which I will give here, tell of his trials and troubles, and describe at the same time the beauty of scenery and some of the military movements.

About August 1st he started for his new command, and he writes to my mother on his arrival at Hunters- ville, Pocahontas County, now West Virginia:

" HUNTERSVILLE, August 4, l86l.

" I reached here yesterday, dearest Mary, to visit this portion of the army. The day after my arrival at Staun- ton, I set off for Monterey, where the army of General Garnett's command is stationed. Two regiments and a field-battery occupy the Alleghany Mountains in advance, about thirty miles, and this division guards the road to Staunton. The division here guards the road leading by the Warm Springs to Milboro and Covington. Two regiments are advanced about twenty-eight miles to Middle Mountain. Fitzhugh* with his squadron is between that point and this. I have not seen him. I understand he is well. South of here again is another column of our enemies, making their way up the Kanawha Valley, and, from General Wise's report, are not far from Lewisburgh. Their object seems to be to get possession of the Virginia Central Railroad and the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. By the first they can approach Richmond; by the last interrupt our reinforcements from the South. The points from which we can be attacked are numerous, and their means are unlimited. So we must always be on the alert. My uneasiness on these points brought me out here. It is so difficult to get our people, unaccustomed to the necessities of war, to comprehend and promptly execute the measures required for the occasion. General Jackson of Georgia commands on the Monterey line, General Loring on this line, and General Wise, supported by General Floyd, on the Kanawha line. The soldiers everywhere are sick. The measles are prevalent throughout the whole army, and you know that disease leaves unpleasant results, attacks on the lungs, typhoid, etc., especially in camp, where accommodations for the sick are poor. I travelled from Staunton on horseback. A part of the road, as far as Buffalo Gap, I passed over in the summer of 1840, on my return to St. Louis, after bringing you home. If any one had then told me that the next time I travelled that road would have been on my present errand, I should have supposed him insane. I enjoyed the mountains, as I rode along. The views are magnificent—the valleys so beautiful, the scenery so peaceful. What a glorious world Almighty God has given us. How thankless and ungrateful we are, and how we labour to mar his gifts. I hope you received my letters from Richmond. Give love to daughter and Mildred. I did not see Rob as I passed through Charlottesville. He was at the University and I could not stop."

* Major W. H. F. Lee—General Lee's second son.

A few days later there is another letter:

"camp At Valley Mountain, August 9, 1861.

" I have been here, dear Mary, three days, coming from Monterey to Huntersville and thence here. We are on the dividing ridge looking north down the Tygart's river valley, whose waters flow into the Monongahela and South towards the Elk River and Greenbrier, flowing into the Kanawha. In the valley north of us lie Huttonsville and Beverly, occupied by our invaders, and the Rich Mountains west, the scene of our former disaster, and the Cheat Mountains east, their present stronghold, are in full view.

" The mountains are beautiful, fertile to the tops, covered with the richest sward of bluegrass and white clover, the inclosed fields waving with the natural growth of timothy. The habitations are few and population sparse. This is a magnificent grazing country, and all it needs is labour to clear the mountain-sides of its great growth of timber. There surely is no lack of moisture at this time. It has rained, I believe, some portion of every day since I left Staunton. Now it is pouring, and the wind, having veered around to every point of the compass, has settled down to the northeast. What that portends in these regions I do not know. Colonel Washington*, Captain Taylor, and myself are in one tent, which as yet protects us. I have enjoyed the company of Fitzhugh since I have been here. He is very well and very active, and as yet the war has not reduced him much. He dined with me yesterday and preserves his fine appetite. To-day he is out reconnoitring and has the full benefit of this rain. I fear he is without his overcoat, as I do not recollect seeing it on his saddle. I told you he had been promoted to a major in cavalry, and is the commanding cavalry officer on this line at present. He is as sanguine, cheerful, and hearty as ever. I sent him some corn-meal this morning and he sent me some butter—a mutual interchange of good things. There are but few of your acquaintances in this army. I find here in the ranks of one company Henry Tiffany. The company is composed principally of Baltimoreans—George Lemmon and Douglas Mercer are in it. It is a very fine company, well drilled and well instructed. I find that our old friend, J. J. Reynolds, of West Point memory, is in command of the troops immediately in front of us. He is a brigadier-general. You may recollect him as the Assistant Professor of Philosophy, and lived in the cottage beyond the west gate, with his little, pale-faced wife, a great friend of Lawrence and Markie. He resigned on being relieved from West Point, and was made professor of some college in the West. Fitzhugh was the bearer of a flag the other day, and he recognised him. He was very polite and made kind inquiries of us all. I am told they feel very safe and are very confident of success. Their numbers are said to be large, ranging from 12,000 to 30,000, but it is impossible for me to get correct information either as to their strength or position. Our citizens beyond this are all on their side. Our movements seem to be rapidly communicated to them, while theirs come to us slowly and indistinctly. I have two regiments here, with others coming up. I think we shall shut up this road to the Central Railroad which they strongly threaten. Our supplies come up slowly. We have plenty of beef and can get some bread. I hope you are well and are content. I have heard nothing of you or the children since I left Richmond. You must write there. . . . The men are suffering from the measles, etc., as elsewhere, but are cheerful and light- hearted. The atmosphere, when it is not raining, is delightful. You must give much love to daughter and ' Life.' * I want to see you all very much, but I know not when that can be. May God guard and protect you all. In Him alone is our hope. Remember me to Nedf and all at 'Kinloch' and Avenel.J Send word to Miss Lou Washington § that her father is sitting on his blanket sewing the strap on his haversack. I think she ought to be here to do it. Always yours,

Recollections and letters of General Robert E. Lee
By Robert Edward Lee